Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: P. gingivalis (P. g) Infection Causes a Significant Increase in the Protein HSp27, Accompanied by Large Spatial Accumulation of Hsp27 with the Bacteria in a Temporal Manner in Primary GECs. ( A ) Representative confocal microscopy images of P. g -infected human primary GECs at an MOI 100, at 6 h and 24 h after infection. GECs were then stained for P. g (rabbit anti-P. g; Alexa 488; green) or HSp27 (mouse anti-HSp27; Alexa 568; red). GECs were then imaged via the Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System at 63x. ( Ai ) Imaris Software was used to create a zoomed image of infected GECs and was used to calculate the amount of co-localization between P. g and HSp27. HSp27 was found to readily colocalize with P. g , having an average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.87 via the Imaris software. Scale bar is 30 µm for 63x and Zoomed Magnification. (B ) P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated 6 or 12h. Cell lysates were then analyzed via western blot. ( Bi ) Quantitative ImageJ analyses of western blot results. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 and p<0.05 was considered as significant via Two-Tailed Student T-test. *p<0.05.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Infection, Bacteria, Confocal Microscopy, Staining, Software, Incubation, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Integrity of P. gingivalis (P. g) -Specific Autophagosomes is Highly Dependent on HSp27 Presence. Human primary GECs were treated with HSP27siRNA (100nM) for 48 h prior to incubation with P. g ( MOI 100) for 6 h. Autophagosomes were then isolated and analyzed via Confocal Microscopy. ( A ) Schematic autophagosomal isolation method of infected GECs. ( B ) Confocal microscopy images of autophagosomes (ThiolTracker Violet; blue) were obtained via Super Resolution Zeiss Airyscan LSM 880 at 20x. ( C ) Autophagosomes were stained for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g ; Alexa 488; green) and reduced GSH (ThiolTracker Violet; blue). Confocal microscopy images of autophagosomes were obtained via Super Resolution Zeiss Airyscan LSM 880 at 20x. ( Ci ) Quantitative ImageJ analysis of Confocal microscopy results was then performed. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=25 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant (Student two-tailed T-test). **p<.005

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Incubation, Isolation, Confocal Microscopy, Infection, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Magnetic-Labelling Process Does Not Impact P. gingivalis (P. g) Infection in GECs. P. g was labeled with lipobiotin (5 μM) and were then incubated in MagCellect Streptavidin Ferrofluid. Human Primary GECs were then infected for 24 h. Representative confocal microscopy images of P. g- infected GECs at an MOI 100, were taken at 24 h after infection using via Zeiss LSM 880 (63x). P. g (rabbit anti-P . gingivalis ; Alexa 488; green) was detected in the GECs. Actin (red) was stained utilizing Rho-Phallodin.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Infection, Labeling, Incubation, Confocal Microscopy, Staining

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intracellular P. gingivalis ( P. g ) Significantly Induces and Co-Localizes with LC3C, an Isomer of LC3, and this Specific Event is Highly Dependent on HSp27 for Successful Autophagic Survival. Human primary GECs were treated with HSp27 siRNA (100nM) for 48 h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated for 6 or 24 h. ( A ) GECs were targeted for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g ; goat anti-rabbit Ultra Small Gold Antibody) and labeled P. g was found to be readily ensconced within double-membraned autophagosomes in GECs. Following HSp27 depletion, P. g appeared to readily start to degrade. Representative transmission electron microscopy images of P. g -infected GECs were also taken at 80 kV and 100000x magnification. Scale bar is 800 nm. ( B ) 6 h and 24h P. g-infected GECs were also stained for P. g (rabbit anti-P . g ; Alexa 488; green) and LC3C (mouse anti-LC3C; Alexa 568; red) to examine whether LC3C characterizes P. g -specific autophagosomes. These cells were then imaged via confocal microscopy (Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System) at 63x. The range of z-stacks was kept consistent and representative images were selected from the mid-ranged sections. ( Bi ) The Imaris software was utilized to obtain a xoomed 63x Orthogonal Image of 24 h P. g infection and found heightened co-localization between P. g and LC3C. LC3C was found to readily colocalize with P. g, having an average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.96 via the Imaris post-processing software. ( C ) Lysates of infected and HSp27-depleted GECs were also analyzed via western blotting. Non-target controls were performed and not shown. (Ci) Quantitative ImageJ analysis was performed for the western blot results. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via Student two-tailed T-test. **p<.005.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Incubation, Labeling, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Infection, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Software, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: HSp27 Presence Permits the Prolonged Existence of LC3C-characterized, P. gingivalis Specific Autophagosomes by Hampering Canonical Autolysosomal Fusion in Primary GECs. ( A ) Human primary GECs were transfected with mCherry-eGFP-LC3C for 48 h. Select GECs were also treated with 1 uM of the autophagolysosomal fusion inhibitor Bafilomycin A1, 1 uM Pepstatin A, or 5 mM 3-MA. Others were treated with Hsp27 siRNA (100nM) for 24 h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated for 24 h. ( A ) GECs were then stained for P. g (mouse anti- P.g; Alexa 405; blue) and were mounted. GECs were then imaged via confocal microscopy (Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System) at 63x. ( Ai ) Imaris was used to obtain a zoomed 63x orthogonal image of 24 h P. g infection and measure the high co-localization levels between P. g and the LC3C Reporter System. P. g localized readily to the LC3C construct, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82. (B) Separately, GECs were additionally stained for P. g (rabbit anti-P . gingivalis ; Alexa 488; green) and LAMP-1 (mouse anti-LAMP-1; Alexa 568; red) and were imaged. The range of all z-stacks was kept consistent and representative images were selected from the mid-ranged sections. Scale bar is 40 µm for 63x Magnification. ( Bi ) Imaris was used to obtain a zoomed 63x orthogonal image of 24 h P. g infection and measure the co-localization levels between P. g and LAMP-1 in infected and treated GECs. While P. g infected GECs did not exhibit high co-localization with LAMP-1 (Pearson correlation coefficient of .25), their HSp27-depleted counterparts did, with an average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.83. The Scale bar is 20 µm for 63x Magnification. ( C ) Finally, GECs treated with autophagic inhibitors were targeted for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g ; goat anti-rabbit Ultra Small Gold Antibody) and labeled P. g was found to be readily ensconced within double-membraned autophagosomes in GECs. Representative transmission electron microscopy images of P. g -infected GECs were taken at 80 kV and 30000x or 100000x magnification. Following HSp27 depletion, P. g appeared to readily start to degrade, however treatment with late-stage autophagic inhibitors Bafilomycin A1 or Pepstatin A appeared to rescue P. g from degradation. Representative transmission electron microscopy images of P. g -infected GECs were taken at 80 kV and 30000x or 100000x magnification. Scale bar is 800 nm.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Transfection, Incubation, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Infection, Construct, Labeling, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Depletion of LC3C via siRNA Collapses P. gingivalis (P. g) -Induced Non-Canonical Autophagosomal Integrity. Human primary GECs were treated with LC3C siRNA (100nM) for 48h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs for 6, 12, or 24 h. ( A ) Intracellular P. g survival after LC3C siRNA depletion was determined using a standard antibiotic protection assay. In brief, any extracellular bacteria were killed via 1h gentamicin (300 μg/mL) and metronidazole (200 μg/mL) treatment. cDNAs were synthesized for qPCR using P. g -specific 16S rRNA primers to quantify intracellular levels of live P. g . Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via Student two-tailed T-test. *p<.05 **p<.005. ( B ) P. g -specific autophagosomes were also selectively isolated. Autophagosomes were stained for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g ; Alexa 488; green) and reduced GSH (ThiolTracker Violet; blue). Confocal images of P. g -specific autophagosomes at 6 h post-infection (63x) were taken utilizing the Super Resolution Zeiss Airyscan LSM 880.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Bacteria, Synthesized, Two Tailed Test, Isolation, Staining, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Δ ndk-P. gingivalis (P. g) Undergoes Canonical Degradative Autophagosomal Trafficking in Human Primary GECs. Primary GECs were infected with WT P. gingivalis (P. g) versus Δ ndk - P. g at MOI 100 for 3, 12, or 24h. ( A ) TEM analysis used Immunogold labeling for P. g was performed on WT P. g versus Δ ndk - P. g at 3 or 24h post-infection. Images were acquired at 40000x magnification utilizing a Hitachi H-7000 TEM (Hitachi High Technologies America, Inc.) affixed to a Veleta camera with iTEM. ( B ) Separately, GECs were additionally stained for P. g (rabbit anti-P . gingivalis ; Alexa 488; green) and LAMP-1 (mouse anti-LAMP-1; Alexa 568; red) and were imaged. The range of all z-stacks was kept consistent and representative images were selected from the mid-ranged sections. Co-localization analysis of P. g and LAMP-1 was additionally carried out using the Zeiss LSM 880 Confocal Software, determining that the WT P. g had a Pearsons value of .137 while the Δ ndk - P. g had a Pearsons value of .704.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Infection, Labeling, Staining, Software

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Depletion of HSp27 Abrogates the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Severely Impacts the Intracellular Survival of P. gingivalis (P. g) Studied in Human Primary Organotypic Cultures of Gingiva. To create the organotypic culture systems, human primary GECs and Fibroblasts Cells (FBCs) were co-cultured together upon a collagen raft. Select rafts were then treated with HSP27 siRNA (100nM) for 48 h. Select rafts were also treated with N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) (50 uM) for 1 h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to rafts, which were incubated for 24 h. Rafts were then collected and sectioned so that immunofluorescence could be performed. ( A ) Representative images of H&E stained raft culture systems at 20x magnification, which clearly mimic the oral gingival crevice. Scale bar is 50 µm. E: Multilayer Undifferentiated Epithelial Cells, C: Collagen Matrix; F: Fibroblasts. ( B ) Rafts were stained for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g; Alexa 488; green) or HpS27 (mouse anti-HSp27; Alexa 568; red). Rafts were then imaged via confocal microscopy (Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System) at 20x and 63x. Scale bar is 50 um for 20x and 20 um for 63x and Zoomed View. The range of z-stacks was kept consistent. HSp27 was once again found to readily co-localize with P.g with a Pearson coefficient of .83 as determined via the Imaris Software. ( Bi ) A Zoomed (4x) version of the 63x magnification was created using the Imaris Software, highlighting the intracellular nature of individual P. g. ( C ) GECs were additionally treated with HSp27 siRNA (100nM) for 48 h. Select GECs were then treated with N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) (50 uM) for 1 h and/or eATP (3mM) for 30 min. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated 6 h. If any extracellular bacteria were present, they were killed by gentamicin (300 μg/mL) and metronidazole (200 μg/mL) treatment for 1 h. cDNAs were synthesized for qPCR using P. g -specific 16S rRNA primers to quantify intracellular level of live P. g . Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via One-Way Anova Test. ** p<0.005.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: Inhibition, Cell Culture, Incubation, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Software, Bacteria, Synthesized

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cross-Sectional Human in Situ Sample and Expression Analyses Support High Levels and Increased Co-localization of P. gingivalis (P. g) , HSp27, and LC3C in Periodontitis-Afflicted Oral Tissues. Publicly available mRNA expression data (GEO accession: GSE79705) was obtained from previously collected and examined periodontitis-afflicted and healthy gingival tissues. This microarray expression data was then analyzed via GEO2R and the relative levels of ( A ) HSp27 and ( B ) LC3C were obtained and compared. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=12 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via One-Way Anova. *p<0.05. Representative confocal images of gingival biopsy specimens from healthy individuals and periodontitis-afflicted patients were also taken and examined. DAPI staining was utilized to visualize cellular DNA. ( C ) P. g (mouse anti-P . gingivalis ; Alexa 488; green) and LC3C (rabbit anti-LC3C; Alexa 594; red) were detected via dual staining. ( D ) HSp27 (mouse anti-HSp27; Alexa 488; green) and LC3C detection (rabbit anti-LC3C; Alexa 594; red) were also detected. Images were then captured using super resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy (Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System) at 10x and 63x magnification with oil immersion. Zoomed (2x) 3D versions of the 63x magnifications were obtained via the Imaris software. The range of z-stacks was kept consistent. SC: Stratum corneum, SL: Stratum lucidum, SG: Stratum granulosum, SB: Stratum basale, LT: Lamina propria. Scale bars = 200µm for 10x and 20 µm for 63x. Quantification of mean fluorescence intensity provided in Supplement. LC3C and HSp27 both were found to exhibit high levels of co-localization with each other and with P. g, as the Pearson coefficient was calculated to be .93 for LC3C and P. g and .85 for LC3C and HSp27 via the Imaris Software at the most severe state of disease.

Article Snippet: Isolated P. gingivalis specific autophagosomes were also fixed in 10% NBF for 1 h, and were stained for 1 h at RT with anti- P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 rabbit antibody (1:1000), followed by incubation in anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11008; 1:1000).

Techniques: In Situ, Expressing, Microarray, Staining, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Software, Fluorescence

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A conserved mechanism for regulation of endo-lysosomal pH by histone deacetylases

doi: 10.1101/252122

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Meta-analysis of 45 microarray experiments that included 937 samples revealed increasing expression of Nhx1 with growth showing maximal expression during stationary phase (condition associated with glucose/nitrogen limitation). B. qPCR validation of Nhx1 expression showed 3.2-fold up regulation of Nhx1 transcript in stationary phase yeast, compared to mid-log phase (****p=9.2X10 -6 ; n =3; Student’s t-test). No change in V-ATPase subunit Vma1 levels was observed (p=0.092; Student’s t-test). C. Glucose removal from mid-log phase yeast cultures showed approximately 2-fold increase in Nhx1 mRNA within 60 min of depletion (***p<0.001; n =3; Student’s t-test). Note significant down regulation of V-ATPase subunits with acute glucose depletion (***p<0.001, Vma1; ***p<0.001, Vma7). D. Conversely, addition of glucose (2%) to stationary phase cultures showed significant decrease in Nhx1 mRNA within 30 min (***p<0.001; n =3; Student’s t-test). Note significant up regulation of V-ATPase subunits with glucose addition (*p<0.05, Vma1; ***p<0.001, Vma7). (C-D) In contrast to Vma1 and Vma7, secretory pathway isoform Stv1 expression showed modest or no changes in response to glucose, suggesting that the effect of glucose regulation on the V-ATPase is largely localized to endosomal/vacuolar compartments. E. Schematic to show that Nhx1 functions as a leak pathway for protons within the endosomal/prevacuolar compartment, to balance the proton pump activity of the V-ATPase (Vma). (F-G) Representative micrographs (F) and quantification (G) showing quenching of quinacrine fluorescence with acute glucose depletion, similar to V-ATPase deficient vma7Δ mutants, pointing to increased vacuolar alkalization (****p<0.0001; n =100; Student’s t-test).

Article Snippet: Taqman gene expression assay probes used in this study are: Yeast: ACT1, Sc04120488_s1; NHX1, Sc04115315_s1; RPD3, Sc04161394_s1; STV1, Sc04153492_s1; VMA1, Sc04108170_s1; VMA7, Sc04124849_s1.Human:ATP6V0A1, Hs00989334_m1; ATP6V0A2, Hs00429389_m1; GAPDH,Hs02786624_g1;NHE6, Hs00234723_m1; NHE7, Hs01078624_m1; NHE9, Hs00543518_m1.

Techniques: Microarray, Expressing, Biomarker Discovery, Activity Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A conserved mechanism for regulation of endo-lysosomal pH by histone deacetylases

doi: 10.1101/252122

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Deletion of Rpd3 ( rpd3Δ strain) increased NHX1 transcript by 1.9-fold relative to isogenic wild type yeast (**p=0.002; n =3; Student’s t-test). Deletion of two other histone deacetylase genes led to lesser NHX1 induction (1.35-fold in hda1Δ ; ***p=0.0008; n =3; Student’s t-test), or repression (0.6-fold in sir2Δ ; ***p=0.0003; n =3; Student’s t-test). B. TSA treatment of wild-type yeast elicited significant 2.88fold up regulation of Nhx1 transcript (**p=0.001; n =3; Student’s t-test) mimicking the effect of Rpd3 deletion. (C-D). qPCR analysis of V-ATPase subunits showed significant down regulation of (C) Vma1 (∼30% lower; ***p=0.0003; n =3; Student’s t-test) and (D) Vma7 (∼37% lower; **p=0.001; n =3; Student’s t-test) in TSA-treated yeast, compared to vehicle treatment. (E-F). Representative micrographs (E) and quantification (F) showing quenching of quinacrine fluorescence with TSA treatment, similar to treatment with a V-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A (ConA), pointing to increased vacuolar alkalization (***p<0.0001; n =100; Student’s t-test). G. Alkaline pH sensitivity is a defining phenotype of increased vacuolar pH. TSA treated cells show dose-dependent reduction of growth at media pH of 7.0 as compared to pH of 4.3 (***p<0.001; n =4; Student’s t-test). H. Spotting assay on YPD agar plates was performed to demonstrate hypersensitivity to TSA in the vma7Δ yeast, lacking V-ATPase activity, indicative of synthetic lethality. See related Figure S2.

Article Snippet: Taqman gene expression assay probes used in this study are: Yeast: ACT1, Sc04120488_s1; NHX1, Sc04115315_s1; RPD3, Sc04161394_s1; STV1, Sc04153492_s1; VMA1, Sc04108170_s1; VMA7, Sc04124849_s1.Human:ATP6V0A1, Hs00989334_m1; ATP6V0A2, Hs00429389_m1; GAPDH,Hs02786624_g1;NHE6, Hs00234723_m1; NHE7, Hs01078624_m1; NHE9, Hs00543518_m1.

Techniques: Histone Deacetylase Assay, Fluorescence, Spotting Assay, Activity Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intracellular P. gingivalis ( P. g ) Significantly Induces and Co-Localizes with LC3C, an Isomer of LC3, and this Specific Event is Highly Dependent on HSp27 for Successful Autophagic Survival. Human primary GECs were treated with HSp27 siRNA (100nM) for 48 h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated for 6 or 24 h. ( A ) GECs were targeted for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g ; goat anti-rabbit Ultra Small Gold Antibody) and labeled P. g was found to be readily ensconced within double-membraned autophagosomes in GECs. Following HSp27 depletion, P. g appeared to readily start to degrade. Representative transmission electron microscopy images of P. g -infected GECs were also taken at 80 kV and 100000x magnification. Scale bar is 800 nm. ( B ) 6 h and 24h P. g-infected GECs were also stained for P. g (rabbit anti-P . g ; Alexa 488; green) and LC3C (mouse anti-LC3C; Alexa 568; red) to examine whether LC3C characterizes P. g -specific autophagosomes. These cells were then imaged via confocal microscopy (Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System) at 63x. The range of z-stacks was kept consistent and representative images were selected from the mid-ranged sections. ( Bi ) The Imaris software was utilized to obtain a xoomed 63x Orthogonal Image of 24 h P. g infection and found heightened co-localization between P. g and LC3C. LC3C was found to readily colocalize with P. g, having an average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.96 via the Imaris post-processing software. ( C ) Lysates of infected and HSp27-depleted GECs were also analyzed via western blotting. Non-target controls were performed and not shown. (Ci) Quantitative ImageJ analysis was performed for the western blot results. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via Student two-tailed T-test. **p<.005.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Incubation, Labeling, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Infection, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Software, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Autophagic Lifestyle of P. gingivalis (P. g) is Highly Characterized by Only the LC3C Isoform of LC3, Which is not Increased During Starvation-Induced Autophagy in GECs. (A ) The LC3 A/B lipidation results of the same assay provided in . (B ) GECs were separately treated with LC3B siRNA (100nM) for 48h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs for 6 h. Intracellular P. g survival after LC3B siRNA depletion was determined using a standard antibiotic protection assay using P. g- specific 16S rRNA primers. ( C ) GECs were subjected to starvation conditions in HBSS for 24 h. GECs were then collected and fixed so that immunofluorescence could be performed. GECs were stained for LC3C (rabbit anti-LC3C;Alexa 568; red). GECs were then imaged via confocal microscopy (Super Resolution Zeiss Airyscan LSM 880) at 63x. Western blotting (Not Shown) was utilized to confirm the lack of induction of LC3C I and LC3C II. Data is represented as Mean±SD; n=3; p<0.05 is considered statistically significant (Student two-tailed T-test).

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: HSp27 Presence Permits the Prolonged Existence of LC3C-characterized, P. gingivalis Specific Autophagosomes by Hampering Canonical Autolysosomal Fusion in Primary GECs. ( A ) Human primary GECs were transfected with mCherry-eGFP-LC3C for 48 h. Select GECs were also treated with 1 uM of the autophagolysosomal fusion inhibitor Bafilomycin A1, 1 uM Pepstatin A, or 5 mM 3-MA. Others were treated with Hsp27 siRNA (100nM) for 24 h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated for 24 h. ( A ) GECs were then stained for P. g (mouse anti- P.g; Alexa 405; blue) and were mounted. GECs were then imaged via confocal microscopy (Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System) at 63x. ( Ai ) Imaris was used to obtain a zoomed 63x orthogonal image of 24 h P. g infection and measure the high co-localization levels between P. g and the LC3C Reporter System. P. g localized readily to the LC3C construct, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82. (B) Separately, GECs were additionally stained for P. g (rabbit anti-P . gingivalis ; Alexa 488; green) and LAMP-1 (mouse anti-LAMP-1; Alexa 568; red) and were imaged. The range of all z-stacks was kept consistent and representative images were selected from the mid-ranged sections. Scale bar is 40 µm for 63x Magnification. ( Bi ) Imaris was used to obtain a zoomed 63x orthogonal image of 24 h P. g infection and measure the co-localization levels between P. g and LAMP-1 in infected and treated GECs. While P. g infected GECs did not exhibit high co-localization with LAMP-1 (Pearson correlation coefficient of .25), their HSp27-depleted counterparts did, with an average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.83. The Scale bar is 20 µm for 63x Magnification. ( C ) Finally, GECs treated with autophagic inhibitors were targeted for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g ; goat anti-rabbit Ultra Small Gold Antibody) and labeled P. g was found to be readily ensconced within double-membraned autophagosomes in GECs. Representative transmission electron microscopy images of P. g -infected GECs were taken at 80 kV and 30000x or 100000x magnification. Following HSp27 depletion, P. g appeared to readily start to degrade, however treatment with late-stage autophagic inhibitors Bafilomycin A1 or Pepstatin A appeared to rescue P. g from degradation. Representative transmission electron microscopy images of P. g -infected GECs were taken at 80 kV and 30000x or 100000x magnification. Scale bar is 800 nm.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Transfection, Incubation, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Infection, Construct, Labeling, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Depletion of LC3C via siRNA Collapses P. gingivalis (P. g) -Induced Non-Canonical Autophagosomal Integrity. Human primary GECs were treated with LC3C siRNA (100nM) for 48h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs for 6, 12, or 24 h. ( A ) Intracellular P. g survival after LC3C siRNA depletion was determined using a standard antibiotic protection assay. In brief, any extracellular bacteria were killed via 1h gentamicin (300 μg/mL) and metronidazole (200 μg/mL) treatment. cDNAs were synthesized for qPCR using P. g -specific 16S rRNA primers to quantify intracellular levels of live P. g . Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via Student two-tailed T-test. *p<.05 **p<.005. ( B ) P. g -specific autophagosomes were also selectively isolated. Autophagosomes were stained for P. g (rabbit anti- P. g ; Alexa 488; green) and reduced GSH (ThiolTracker Violet; blue). Confocal images of P. g -specific autophagosomes at 6 h post-infection (63x) were taken utilizing the Super Resolution Zeiss Airyscan LSM 880.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Bacteria, Synthesized, Two Tailed Test, Isolation, Staining, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: P. gingivalis (P. g) Causes the Nucleation of Hsp27-Mediated LC3C Accumulation and Lipidation; this Specific Assembly is Highly Dependent on Host Cells’ Redox Potential Determined by eATP Treatments. Human primary GECs were treated with HSp27 siRNA (100nM) for 48 h. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated 6 and 24 h. Non-Depleted and HSp27-depleted GECs also were treated with the physiologically-relevant oxidative stress inducer eATP (3mM) treatment for 30 min prior to infection, and were analyzed by western blot.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Incubation, Infection, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: P. gingivalis ( P. g ) Induces and Prolongs the Autophagosomal LC3C/Beclin 1/ATG14 Nucleation Complex in a Manner Dependent upon HSp27 and the Reduced Redox State of Infected GECs as Determined by Isolated P. g- Specific Autophagosomes. GECs were treated with HSP27siRNA (100nM) for 48 h. Select GECs were also treated with N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC)(50 uM) for 1 h and/or eATP (3mM) for 30 min. P. g was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated 6 and 12 h. Autophagosomes were then isolated and prepared for analysis. ( A ) The glutathione (GSH) levels of primary GECs were also measured using chemiluminescence detection. ( B) Isolated autophagosomes were analyzed via western blot. ( Bi ), ( Bii ), ( Biii ) Quantitative ImageJ analysis was performed of each of the western blot results. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 for results. p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via Student two-tailed T-test. *p<.05 **p<.005

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Infection, Isolation, Incubation, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: HSp27 and LC3C Recruit Beclin 1 and ATG14 to Form a Temporal Pro-bacterial Autophagic Complex, which Can Be Disrupted by Increased Oxidative Stress. Human Primary GECs were treated with HSp27siRNA (100nM) for 48 h. Select GECs were also treated with N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) (50 uM) for 1 h and/or eATP (3mM) for 30 min. P. gingivalis (P. g) was added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated 6 and 12 h. GECs were then lysed and the extracts were incubated in rabbit anti-LC3C antibody over-night. Samples underwent co-immunoprecipitation. ( A ) The eluted protein complexes were then analyzed by western blot. ( Ai ), ( Aii ), and ( Aiii ) Quantitative ImageJ analysis of western blot results was performed for each of the proteins in question. ( B ) GECs also underwent staining for HSp27 (goat anti-HSp27; Alexa 405; blue), LC3C (rabbit anti-LC3C; Alexa 488; green), and Beclin 1 (sheep anti-Beclin 1; Alexa 568; red), and ATG14 (mouse anti-ATG14; Alexa 647; magenta) to examine the formation of the pro-bacterial autophagic initiation complex. GECs were then imaged via Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System at 63x. The Imaris software was used to obtain zoomed orthogonal views of ( Bi ) An infected GECs and ( Bii ) a theoretical autophagosome with HSp27, LC3C, ATG14, and Beclin 1 highly co-localized about it. The scale bar is 20 µm for all Magnification. All of the markers were found to have a Pearson correlation coefficient greater than .9 with each other via Imaris, denoting their close theorized interactions. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=3 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via Student two-tailed T-test. *p<.05 **p<.005

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Incubation, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot, Staining, Software, Infection, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: HSp27 and LC3C Selectively and Specifically Partner with One Another to Promote P. gingivalis ( P. g )-Induced Autophagy. P. g was added at MOI 100 to Human Primary GECs, which were incubated 6 and 24 h. ( A ) GECs were stained for LC3C (rabbit anti-LC3C; Alexa 488; green) and HSp27 (mouse anti-HSp37; Alexa 568; red) following infection. HSp27 was found to readily and temporally colocalize with LC3C, having a Pearsons correlation coefficient of .85 at 24 h post infection via the Imaris post-processing software. ( B ) To assess if full length HSp27 is truly capable of binding to full-length LC3C, a far western approach was implemented by probing 5 µg of recombinant LC3C with 10 µg of recombinant HSp27 for one hour. Antibody specificity was accounted for via probing the LC3C blot with monoclonal mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Not shown), which showed no cross-reactivity.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Incubation, Staining, Infection, Software, Binding Assay, Western Blot, Recombinant

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: HSp27 does not Interact with either LC3A or LC3B isoforms in the way that it interacts with LC3C. A Far Western approach was implemented. rLC3A or rLC3B were loaded and incubated with 10 ug of rHSp27. Interactions for ( Bi ) LC3A and ( Bii ) LC3B were then detected by probing the rLC3A or rLC3B blot with mouse Anti-Hsp27 antibody.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Western Blot, Incubation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Phosphorylated HSp27 (P-HSp27) Preferentially Binds to the C-terminal Tail of LC3C, Inhibiting the Canonical Cleavage of LC3C and Halting the Canonical Maturation of LC3C-Specific Autophagosomes. The structural models of monomeric full-length wild-type ( A ) HSp27 (Uniprot: P04792) and ( B ) LC3C (Uniprot: Q9BXW4) were acquired from the AlphaFold database. Optimized complex configurations between ( C ) LC3C and unmodified HSp27 and ( D ) LC3C and P-HSp27 were then obtained, and the modifications in the theorized interaction sites in their N-terminal regions were highlighted. ( E ) Surface electrostatic potentials of the complexes were additionally mapped, contrasting the varied potentials between the two complexes. ( F ) Finally, the buried surface areas and interaction areas between HSp27 or P-HSp27 and LC3C proteins were also assessed and contact maps were generated.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Generated

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: P. gingivalis (P. g) Secretes its Ndk Effector Molecule to Activate HSp27 and Induce Temporal HSp27-LC3C Partnering to Inhibit Canonical LC3C Cleavage by ATG4B and Halt Autolyosomal Fusion in GECs. A) Human primary GECs were treated with HSp27 siRNA (100nM) for 48 h or were transfected with 1 µg of the constitutively activated pFLAG-CMV2-HSP27-S78D/S82D construct for 48h. Select GECs were then jointly treated with the late stage autophagy inhibitors 1 µM Pepstatin A, or 1 µM lactostatin for 24h. Wild-type P. g or ΔNDK P. g was then added at MOI 100 to GECs, which were incubated for 24 h. ( A ) GECs also underwent staining for HSp27 (goat anti-HSp27; Alexa 405; blue), LC3C (rabbit anti-LC3C; Alexa 488; green), and Beclin 1 (sheep anti-Beclin 1; Alexa 568; red), and ATG14 (mouse anti-ATG14; Alexa 647; magenta) to examine the formation of the pro-bacterial autophagic initiation complex. GECs were then imaged via Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System at 63x. ( B ) A diagram was created detailing how LC3C preferentially partners to P-HSp27 over its non-phosphorylated counterpart, causing a confirmational shift to the C-terminal tail of LC3C. This shift results in the inhibition of the final lipidated LC3C tail cleavage by the ATG4B protease, lending to LC3C not disassociating from the autophagosome and halting fusion with the lysosome. ( C ) A diagram was also created to highlight the temporal relationship between HSp27 and LC3C, where LC3C can initially bind to HSp27 but via the actions of Ndk, it preferentially binds to P-HSp27, resulting in a limiting of mature, cleaved LC3C.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Transfection, Construct, Incubation, Staining, Inhibition

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cross-Sectional Human in Situ Sample and Expression Analyses Support High Levels and Increased Co-localization of P. gingivalis (P. g) , HSp27, and LC3C in Periodontitis-Afflicted Oral Tissues. Publicly available mRNA expression data (GEO accession: GSE79705) was obtained from previously collected and examined periodontitis-afflicted and healthy gingival tissues. This microarray expression data was then analyzed via GEO2R and the relative levels of ( A ) HSp27 and ( B ) LC3C were obtained and compared. Data is represented as Mean±SD, where n=12 and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via One-Way Anova. *p<0.05. Representative confocal images of gingival biopsy specimens from healthy individuals and periodontitis-afflicted patients were also taken and examined. DAPI staining was utilized to visualize cellular DNA. ( C ) P. g (mouse anti-P . gingivalis ; Alexa 488; green) and LC3C (rabbit anti-LC3C; Alexa 594; red) were detected via dual staining. ( D ) HSp27 (mouse anti-HSp27; Alexa 488; green) and LC3C detection (rabbit anti-LC3C; Alexa 594; red) were also detected. Images were then captured using super resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy (Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System) at 10x and 63x magnification with oil immersion. Zoomed (2x) 3D versions of the 63x magnifications were obtained via the Imaris software. The range of z-stacks was kept consistent. SC: Stratum corneum, SL: Stratum lucidum, SG: Stratum granulosum, SB: Stratum basale, LT: Lamina propria. Scale bars = 200µm for 10x and 20 µm for 63x. Quantification of mean fluorescence intensity provided in Supplement. LC3C and HSp27 both were found to exhibit high levels of co-localization with each other and with P. g, as the Pearson coefficient was calculated to be .93 for LC3C and P. g and .85 for LC3C and HSp27 via the Imaris Software at the most severe state of disease.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: In Situ, Expressing, Microarray, Staining, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Software, Fluorescence

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantifications of Cross-Sectional Human Ex-Vivo Samples Support High Levels of P. gingivalis (P. g) , HSp27, and LC3C in Chronically Diseased Oral Tissues (i.e. Periodontitis). Representative confocal images of gingival biopsy specimens from healthy individuals and periodontitis patients were obtained using the Leica DM6 CS Stellaris 5 Confocal/Multiphoton System so that the mean fluorescence intensity of ( A ) HSp27 ( B ) P. g and ( C ) LC3C could be calculated using ImageJ with JACoP Plugin. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Representative images from at least 5 different patients per group were used for quantitative analysis and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant via Student two-tailed T-test. *p<.05 **p<.005

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Fluorescence, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa

doi: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539

Figure Lengend Snippet: HSp27 is a Critical Regulator in Pro-bacterial LC3C-Characterized Autophagy, Facilitating the Intracellular Autophagic Survival of P. gingivalis (P. g) and Influencing the Bacterial Symbiosis of the Oral Mucosa. The proposed diagram of the identified mechanisms of P. gingivalis persistence in GECs. ( A ) HSp27 is largely induced and spatially recruited by P. g invasion of the host cells. After the initial periods of cellular infection, the gradually growing secretion of the bacterial Nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase (Ndk) into the cytoplasmic space causes heightened activation of HSp27 (P-HSp27) via direct phosphorylation. P-HSp27 abrogates extracellular ATP (eATP)-induced antimicrobial Reactive-Oxygen-Species (ROS) production via increasing glutathione (GSH) levels. In parallel, P. g -mediated induction of HSp27 promotes the specific recruitment and lipidation of LC3C, an isomer of the LC3 autophagosomal structural molecule, which is strictly dependent upon the large presence and the strong antioxidant activity of HSp27. LC3C and HSp27 partner in a stepwise manner, 1) their coupling drives the formation of Beclin1/ATG14 induction, 2) where the temporally increased phosphorylation of HSp27 by P. g Ndk both strengthens the P-HSP27 and LC3C partnering and shifts the confirmation of the LC3C tail so that LC3C cannot be successfully further cleaved by ATG4. ( B ) P-HSp27 and LC3C become increasingly assembled to the ATG14-Incorperated Nucleation Complex, where they prolong the complex’s formation and result in the accumulation of the complex on forming autophagic membranes. Thus, the strengthened partnering between P-HSp27 and LC3C is the proposed mechanism for inhibiting the autolysosomal fusion of P. g- specific autophagosomes, which is also controlled by the host cell redox homeostasis ( C ) Autophagic P. g does not undergo lysosomal degradation and is instead able to survive, multiply and subsequently intercellularly spread to neighboring cells to propagate. ( D ) Thus, the non-canonical, pro-bacterial autophagic events create a favorable and protected cellular environment for P. g , thereby establishing long-term intracellular bacterial persistence. The chronic colonization of P. g in the epithelia can lead to host-microbial dysbiosis in oral mucosa and systemic disorders.

Article Snippet: Antibody cross-reactivity was accounted for via probing non-incubated LC3C blots with mouse anti-HSp27 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-13132; 1:1000).

Techniques: Infection, Activation Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Antioxidant Activity Assay

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Inhibition of SHP2 ameliorates psoriasis by decreasing TLR7 endosome localization

doi: 10.1101/2020.09.28.20202861

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Expression of PTPN11 ( gene encoding SHP2 ) in skin lesions in psoriatic patients compared with skin from healthy donors based on microarray data (No. GSE14905). (B) Expression of PTPN11 in human PBMCs from psoriatic patients (n=14) and normal controls (n=16). (C) Western blot analysis of PBMCs lysates derived from psoriatic patients and normal controls. (D) Representative SHP2 staining in skin sections from psoriatic patients (n=13) and normal controls (n=5). Scale bars: 200 μm. (E) The catalytic activity of SHP2 was measured in human PBMCs lysates derived from psoriatic patients (n=25) and normal controls (n=25). (F) Representative p-ERK staining of skin sections from psoriatic patients and normal controls. Scale bars: 200 μm. (G) Quantitative PCR analysis of Ptpn11 mRNA levels in the IMQ-treated or non-treated dorsal back from C57BL/6J mice at day 5 (n=6/group). Data were normalized to GAPDH expression. (H) Representative histological sections of IMQ-treated or non-treated dorsal back from C57BL/6J mice at day 5. Scale bar: 100 μm. Data represent mean ± SEM. P values are determined by Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test (A and B) or Two-tailed Student’s t test (E and G). * P <0.05, ** P <0.01.

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemistry, the human and mouse skin paraffin sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and antibody retrieved with sodium citrate, blocked, then stained with anti-SHP2 (Santa Cruz, catalog sc-7384), anti-ERK (Cell Signal Technology, catalog 4695), anti-CD68 (Cell Signal Technology, catalog 76437), anti-p-p65 (Cell Signal Technology, catalog 3033), anti-Ki67 (Abcam, catalog ab15580) were used at 1:100 overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Expressing, Microarray, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Staining, Activity Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: AEG-1 silencing attenuates M2-polarization of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages and sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96647-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. AEG-1 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling via targeting GSK-3β in glioma cells. (A) Enriched top 10 KEGG pathways for Affymetrix microarray of AEG-1 NC (N = 3) and KD (N = 3) glioma cells. 22 DEGs were enriched in KEGG_WNT_SIGNALING PATHWAY. P-value = 1.02E−06. [drawn by R 3.6.0 (https://cran.r- project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#Citing-R)]. (B) Enrichment plot of the Wnt signaling pathway from GSEA; ‘h’ and ‘l’ represented AEG-1 high and low expression, respectively. NES = 1.523, NOM P-value = 0.008, FDR q-value = 0.216 [drawn by GSEA tool (version 4.1.0)]. (C) Western blot bands of AEG-1, β-catenin, GSK-3β, cyclin D1, and CD44 in NC and shAEG-1 glioma cell lines. (D) Relative protein abundance was calculated by ImageJ and GraphPad Prism 8.2.1 software. (E, F) In U251 and U87 cells, Co-IP assays showed the direct interaction of AEG-1 and GSK-3β. (G) Immunofluorescence assays were used to detect the localization of AEG-1 (red) and GSK-3β (green) in U251 and U87 cells. All data were presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Cells were incubated with rabbit anti-AEG-1 antibody (Proteintech, 1:1000), mouse anti-GSK-3β antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1000), and rabbit anti-γH2AX (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:400), diluted using 1% FBS, at 4 °C overnight.

Techniques: Microarray, Expressing, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics, Software, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Cancer cell

Article Title: Tinagl1 Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis by Simultaneously Inhibiting Integrin/FAK and EGFR Signaling.

doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Identification of Tinagl1-Interacting Proteins (A–C) LM2 cells expressing the C-terminal HA-tagged Tinagl1 (Tinagl1-HA) were lysed and immunoprecipitated (IP) with immunoglobulin G (IgG) (control) or anti- HA antibody. The IP samples were subjected to silver staining and WB (A) before mass spectrometry analysis. Tinagl1-interacting partners were clustered with KEGG pathway analysis, and the three top pathways are shown in (B). The members of the top three pathways have overlaps. The EGFR and integrin b1 subunits are the core members of each pathways (C). (D and E) LM2 cells stably expressing Tinagl1-HA were lysed and IP with IgG or anti-HA antibodies. The IP samples were subjected to WB analysis with the indicated antibodies to detect the interaction with EGFR and the integrin b1 subunit (D), and with integrins av, or a5 subunits (E). See also Figure S4.

Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Tinagl1, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#12077-1-AP; RRID: AB_2058942 Tinagl1, in 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Sigma-Aldrich Cat#HPA048695; RRID: AB_2680497 b-actin, in 1:10,000 (WB), mouse Abcam Cat#ab6276; RRID: AB_2223210 EGFR, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4267; RRID: AB_2246311 p-EGFR (Try1068), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3777; RRID: AB_2096270 FAK, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3285; RRID: AB_10694068 p-FAK (Try397), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8556; RRID: AB_10891442 p-FAK (Try925), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3284; RRID: AB_2253227 AKT, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4691; RRID: AB_915783 p-ATK (S473), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4060; RRID: AB_2315049 ERK1/2, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4695; RRID: AB_390779 p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4370; RRID: AB_2315112 Integrin b1 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#34971 Integrin a5 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4705; RRID: AB_10827978 Integrin av subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab179475; RRID: AB_2716738 Integrin a3 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab190731 Integrin a4 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8440P Integrin aM subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab8878; RRID: AB_306831 HA, in 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-7392; RRID: AB_627809 HA, in 1:1000 (WB), Rat Roche, 11867423001 Cat#11867423001; RRID: AB_10094468 MYC, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-40; RRID: AB_627268 FLAG, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#F7425; RRID: AB_439687 His, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#H1029; RRID: AB_260015 GFP, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-9996; RRID: AB_627695 Fibronectin, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#15613-1-AP; RRID: AB_2105691 EGF, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-275; RRID: AB_631417 (Continued on next page) e1 Cancer Cell 35, 1–17.e1–e7, January 14, 2019

Techniques: Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Control, Silver Staining, Mass Spectrometry, Stable Transfection

Journal: Cancer cell

Article Title: Tinagl1 Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis by Simultaneously Inhibiting Integrin/FAK and EGFR Signaling.

doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. Tinagl1 Inhibits integrin/FAK and EGFR Signaling Pathways (A) Gene set enrichment analysis of lung metastatic nodules formed by LM2 cells stably expressing the vector control or Tinagl1 were dissected and digested. n = 3 per group. (B) Heatmap representation of microarray data displaying the expression of EGFR or integrin/FAK regulated genes in the control versus Tinagl1-expressing LM2 cells. (C) Heatmap representation of microarray data displaying the expression of genes compensated by integrin/FAK (left) or EGFR (right) in control versus Tinagl1- expressing LM2 cells.

Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Tinagl1, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#12077-1-AP; RRID: AB_2058942 Tinagl1, in 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Sigma-Aldrich Cat#HPA048695; RRID: AB_2680497 b-actin, in 1:10,000 (WB), mouse Abcam Cat#ab6276; RRID: AB_2223210 EGFR, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4267; RRID: AB_2246311 p-EGFR (Try1068), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3777; RRID: AB_2096270 FAK, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3285; RRID: AB_10694068 p-FAK (Try397), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8556; RRID: AB_10891442 p-FAK (Try925), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3284; RRID: AB_2253227 AKT, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4691; RRID: AB_915783 p-ATK (S473), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4060; RRID: AB_2315049 ERK1/2, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4695; RRID: AB_390779 p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4370; RRID: AB_2315112 Integrin b1 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#34971 Integrin a5 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4705; RRID: AB_10827978 Integrin av subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab179475; RRID: AB_2716738 Integrin a3 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab190731 Integrin a4 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8440P Integrin aM subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab8878; RRID: AB_306831 HA, in 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-7392; RRID: AB_627809 HA, in 1:1000 (WB), Rat Roche, 11867423001 Cat#11867423001; RRID: AB_10094468 MYC, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-40; RRID: AB_627268 FLAG, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#F7425; RRID: AB_439687 His, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#H1029; RRID: AB_260015 GFP, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-9996; RRID: AB_627695 Fibronectin, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#15613-1-AP; RRID: AB_2105691 EGF, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-275; RRID: AB_631417 (Continued on next page) e1 Cancer Cell 35, 1–17.e1–e7, January 14, 2019

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Stable Transfection, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Microarray

Journal: Cancer cell

Article Title: Tinagl1 Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis by Simultaneously Inhibiting Integrin/FAK and EGFR Signaling.

doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. Tinagl1 Inhibits EGFR Dimerization and Blocks the Interaction between the Integrin b1 Subunit and FN (A) LM2 cells were transfected with plasmids to overexpress GFP-EGFR and EGFR-Myc. 48 hr after transfection, the cells were treated with or without 1 mg/mL of r-Tinagl1 for 1 hr, followed by 10 min of 1 ng/mL EGF treatment. The cells were then collected and immunoprecipitated with either IgG or anti-Myc antibody. IP samples were subjected to WB analysis (top), and the amount of EGFR-GFP that interacts with EGFR-Myc was quantified and normalized to the PBS treatment group (bottom). (B) LM2 cells stably expressing EGFR-Myc were pre-treated with PBS or 1 mg/mL of r-Tinagl1 for 1 hr and then treated with 1 ng/mL of EGF for another 10 min. Next, the cells were collected and the dimers were crosslinked with disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) treatment, followed by WB analysis (top) and quantification of the ratio of dimerized EGFR in each treatment group (bottom). (C) HEK293T cells overexpressing the integrin b1 subunit were lysed. 20 mg of FN was added into the lysate, and the lysate was divided into eight groups. PBS or the indicated amount of proteins were added into each group followed by IP with IgG or anti-b1 antibody. The IP samples were then subjected to WB analysis. (D) HEK293T cells overexpressing both integrin b1 subunit and Tinagl1-HA were lysed and divided into eight groups. PBS or the indicated amount of proteins were added into the lysate, followed by IP and WB analysis.

Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Tinagl1, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#12077-1-AP; RRID: AB_2058942 Tinagl1, in 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Sigma-Aldrich Cat#HPA048695; RRID: AB_2680497 b-actin, in 1:10,000 (WB), mouse Abcam Cat#ab6276; RRID: AB_2223210 EGFR, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4267; RRID: AB_2246311 p-EGFR (Try1068), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3777; RRID: AB_2096270 FAK, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3285; RRID: AB_10694068 p-FAK (Try397), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8556; RRID: AB_10891442 p-FAK (Try925), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3284; RRID: AB_2253227 AKT, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4691; RRID: AB_915783 p-ATK (S473), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4060; RRID: AB_2315049 ERK1/2, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4695; RRID: AB_390779 p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4370; RRID: AB_2315112 Integrin b1 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#34971 Integrin a5 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4705; RRID: AB_10827978 Integrin av subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab179475; RRID: AB_2716738 Integrin a3 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab190731 Integrin a4 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8440P Integrin aM subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab8878; RRID: AB_306831 HA, in 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-7392; RRID: AB_627809 HA, in 1:1000 (WB), Rat Roche, 11867423001 Cat#11867423001; RRID: AB_10094468 MYC, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-40; RRID: AB_627268 FLAG, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#F7425; RRID: AB_439687 His, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#H1029; RRID: AB_260015 GFP, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-9996; RRID: AB_627695 Fibronectin, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#15613-1-AP; RRID: AB_2105691 EGF, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-275; RRID: AB_631417 (Continued on next page) e1 Cancer Cell 35, 1–17.e1–e7, January 14, 2019

Techniques: Transfection, Immunoprecipitation, Stable Transfection, Expressing

Journal: Cancer cell

Article Title: Tinagl1 Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis by Simultaneously Inhibiting Integrin/FAK and EGFR Signaling.

doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. Tinagl1 Inhibits TNBC Progression by Simultaneously Targeting the Integrin/FAK and EGFR Signaling Pathways (A) 104 LM2 cells was injected into the MFP of NSG mice. Mice were intravenously treated with the indicated reagents twice per week when tumors reached 2 mm in diameter. n = 6 mice per group. (B) WB analysis for the activation of EGFR and FAK in primary tumor of each group after 5 weeks of the treatments as in (A). (C) Quantification of tumor volumes of each treatment group of (A). n = 12 tumors per group. (D and E) Lungs were collected and spontaneous metastasis was examined by ex vivo BLI at the endpoint. n = 6 lungs per group. Representative lungs (D) and quantitative data (E) is shown. Data represent means ± SEM. n.s., not significant; p > 0.05, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001. Significance determined by one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons. See also Figure S7.

Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Tinagl1, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#12077-1-AP; RRID: AB_2058942 Tinagl1, in 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Sigma-Aldrich Cat#HPA048695; RRID: AB_2680497 b-actin, in 1:10,000 (WB), mouse Abcam Cat#ab6276; RRID: AB_2223210 EGFR, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4267; RRID: AB_2246311 p-EGFR (Try1068), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3777; RRID: AB_2096270 FAK, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3285; RRID: AB_10694068 p-FAK (Try397), in 1:1000 (WB), 1:100 (IHC), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8556; RRID: AB_10891442 p-FAK (Try925), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#3284; RRID: AB_2253227 AKT, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4691; RRID: AB_915783 p-ATK (S473), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4060; RRID: AB_2315049 ERK1/2, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4695; RRID: AB_390779 p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4370; RRID: AB_2315112 Integrin b1 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#34971 Integrin a5 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#4705; RRID: AB_10827978 Integrin av subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab179475; RRID: AB_2716738 Integrin a3 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab190731 Integrin a4 subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Cell Signaling Technology Cat#8440P Integrin aM subunit, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit Abcam Cat#ab8878; RRID: AB_306831 HA, in 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-7392; RRID: AB_627809 HA, in 1:1000 (WB), Rat Roche, 11867423001 Cat#11867423001; RRID: AB_10094468 MYC, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-40; RRID: AB_627268 FLAG, in 1:1000 (WB), 2 mg (IP), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#F7425; RRID: AB_439687 His, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Sigma-Aldrich Cat#H1029; RRID: AB_260015 GFP, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-9996; RRID: AB_627695 Fibronectin, in 1:1000 (WB), Rabbit ProteinTech Cat#15613-1-AP; RRID: AB_2105691 EGF, in 1:1000 (WB), Mouse Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat#sc-275; RRID: AB_631417 (Continued on next page) e1 Cancer Cell 35, 1–17.e1–e7, January 14, 2019

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Injection, Activation Assay, Ex Vivo